Egypt was a vast kingdom of the ancient world. It was unified around B. Today Egyptologists, archaeologists who focus on this ancient civilization, have learned a great deal about the rulers, artifacts, and customs of ancient Egypt.

Use these resources to teach your students about the ancient Egyptians. This video explores a nearly 4, year-old tomb of a pharaoh and illuminates some of what the ancient Egyptians believed about the vitality of life after death.

Used to bury leaders and wealthy residents in ancient Egypt, Rome, and Greece, a sarcophagus is a coffin or a container to hold a coffin.

Most sarcophagi are made of stone and displayed above ground. Join our community of educators and receive the latest information on National Geographic's resources for you and your students.

Skip to content. Photograph by Thomas J. Twitter Facebook Pinterest Google Classroom. Encyclopedic Entry Vocabulary.

The Ninth Dynasty [56] ruled from to BC. Of these, twelve names are missing and four are partial. The 11th dynasty originated from a dynasty of Theban nomarchs serving kings of the 8th, 9th or 10th dynasty.

The successors of Intef the Elder , starting with Mentuhotep I , became independent from their northern overlords and eventually conquered Egypt under Mentuhotep II.

The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time. The Twelfth Dynasty ruled from to BC.

The position of a possible additional ruler, Seankhibtawy Seankhibra , is uncertain. He may be an ephemeral king, or a name variant of a king of the 12th or 13th Dynasty.

It is best known as when the Hyksos , whose reign comprised the Fifteenth Dynasty , made their appearance in Egypt. The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth Dynasty , and was unable to hold onto the two lands of Egypt.

Either at the start of the dynasty, c. Sometime around BC the Hyksos, perhaps led by Salitis the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, conquered Memphis , thereby terminating the 13th dynasty.

The power vacuum in Upper Egypt resulting from the collapse of the 13th dynasty allowed the 16th dynasty to declare its independence in Thebes , only to be overrun by the Hyksos kings shortly thereafter.

Subsequently, as the Hyksos withdrew from Upper Egypt, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty.

This table should be contrasted with Known kings of the 13th Dynasty. The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Avaris , [78] that ruled from either from BC or c.

The dynasty comprised many rulers with West Semitic names and is thus believed to have been Canaanite in origin. It is here given as per Ryholt, however this reconstruction of the dynasty is heavily debated with the position of the five kings preceding Nehesy highly disputed.

The Turin King List provides additional names, none of which are attested beyond the list. The Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyksos people who emerged from the Fertile Crescent to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region, and ruled from to BC.

The Second Intermediate Period may include an independent dynasty reigning over Abydos from c. The Sixteenth Dynasty was a native Theban dynasty emerging from the collapse of the Memphis-based 13th dynasty c.

The 16th dynasty held sway over Upper Egypt only. Their chronological position is uncertain. The early 17th Dynasty may also have included the reign of a pharaoh Nebmaatre , whose chronological position is uncertain.

Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into Nubia in the south, and held wide territories in the Near East.

Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria. The Eighteenth Dynasty ruled from c. The Twentieth Dynasty ruled from to BC:.

A number of dynasties of Libyan origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period. The Twenty-First Dynasty was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group.

Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. They ruled from to BC.

Though not officially pharaohs, the High Priests of Amun at Thebes were the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt during the Twenty-first dynasty , writing their names in cartouches and being buried in royal tombs.

The Twenty-Third Dynasty was a local group, again of Libyan origin, based at Herakleopolis and Thebes that ruled from to c.

Rudamun was succeeded in Thebes by a local ruler:. The Twenty-fourth Dynasty was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta Sais , with only two pharaohs ruling from to BC.

Nubians invaded Lower Egypt and took the throne of Egypt under Piye although they already controlled Thebes and Upper Egypt in the early years of Piye's reign.

The Twenty-sixth Dynasty ruled from around to BC. The son and successor of Necho I, Psamtik I , managed to reunify Egypt and is generally regarded as the founder of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty.

The Achaemenid Shahanshahs were acknowledged as Pharaohs in this era, forming the 27th Dynasty :. The Twenty-eighth Dynasty lasted only 6 years, from to BC, with one pharaoh:.

The Twenty-ninth Dynasty ruled from to BC:. Egypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians. After the practice of Manetho , the Persian rulers from to BC are occasionally designated as the Thirty-first Dynasty :.

The Argeads ruled from to BC:. The second Hellenistic dynasty, the Ptolemies , ruled Egypt from BC until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC whenever two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency.

The most famous member of this dynasty was Cleopatra VII, in modern times known simply as Cleopatra , who was successively the consort of Julius Caesar and, after Caesar's death, of Mark Antony , having children with both of them.

Cleopatra strove to create a dynastic and political union between Egypt and Rome, but the assassination of Caesar and the defeat of Mark Antony doomed her plans.

Between the alleged death of Cleopatra, on August 12, 30 BC, up to his own alleged death on August 23, 30 BC, he was nominally the sole pharaoh. It is tradition that he was hunted down and killed on the orders of Octavian, who would become the Roman emperor Augustus , but the historical evidence does not exist.

Subsequent Roman emperors were accorded the title of pharaoh, although exclusively while in Egypt. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

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Main article: Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Main article: Abydos Dynasty. Main article: Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt.

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Main article: Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt. Main article: Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt. Main article: Thirty-first dynasty of Egypt.

Main article: Hellenistic period. Main article: Argead dynasty. Main article: Ptolemaic Kingdom. Main article: Roman pharaoh. Ancient Egypt portal Monarchy portal.

Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen. Verlag Philipp von Zabern. Retrieved In Hawass, Zahi ed. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.

Tallet, D. Ausgabe , S. Harrassowitz , p. Teil I. Posthume Quellen über die Könige der ersten vier Dynastien. In: Münchener Ägyptologische Studien , vol.

Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt. Early Dynastic Egypt. Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt. Geheimnis der Pyramiden in German.

Düsseldorf: Econ. Accessed 10 February Digital Egypt for Universities. Museum Tusculanum Press. Penn Museum.

January Retrieved 16 Jan Digital Egypt. University College London. Payraudeau, Retour sur la succession Shabaqo-Shabataqo, Nehet 1, , p.

Retrieved March 1, After the unification of both kingdoms into one united Egypt, the Pschent , the combination of both the red and white crowns was the official crown of kings.

With time new headdresses were introduced during different dynasties such as the Khat , Nemes , Atef , Hemhem crown , and Khepresh.

At times, it was depicted that a combination of these headdresses or crowns would be worn together. Sometime during the era of the New Kingdom , Second Intermediate Period , pharaoh became the form of address for a person who was king.

About the late Twenty-first Dynasty tenth century BCE , however, instead of being used alone as before, it began to be added to the other titles before the ruler's name, and from the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty eighth to seventh centuries BCE it was, at least in ordinary usage, the only epithet prefixed to the royal appellative.

For instance, the first dated appearance of the title pharaoh being attached to a ruler's name occurs in Year 17 of Siamun on a fragment from the Karnak Priestly Annals.

Here, an induction of an individual to the Amun priesthood is dated specifically to the reign of Pharaoh Siamun.

For instance, the Large Dakhla stela is specifically dated to Year 5 of king "Pharaoh Shoshenq, beloved of Amun ", whom all Egyptologists concur was Shoshenq I —the founder of the Twenty-second Dynasty —including Alan Gardiner in his original publication of this stela.

The Arabic combines the original ayin from Egyptian along with the -n ending from Greek. In English, the term was at first spelled "Pharao", but the translators of the King James Bible revived "Pharaoh" with "h" from the Hebrew.

Sceptres and staves were a general sign of authority in ancient Egypt. Another scepter associated with the king is the was -sceptre. The earliest known depictions of the was -scepter date to the First Dynasty.

The was -scepter is shown in the hands of both kings and deities. The flail later was closely related to the heqa -scepter the crook and flail , but in early representations the king was also depicted solely with the flail, as shown in a late pre-dynastic knife handle that is now in the Metropolitan museum, and on the Narmer Macehead.

The earliest evidence known of the Uraeus —a rearing cobra—is from the reign of Den from the first dynasty.

The cobra supposedly protected the pharaoh by spitting fire at its enemies. The red crown of Lower Egypt, the Deshret crown, dates back to pre-dynastic times and symbolised chief ruler.

A red crown has been found on a pottery shard from Naqada , and later, Narmer is shown wearing the red crown on both the Narmer Macehead and the Narmer Palette.

This is the combination of the Deshret and Hedjet crowns into a double crown, called the Pschent crown. It is first documented in the middle of the First Dynasty of Egypt.

The earliest depiction may date to the reign of Djet , and is otherwise surely attested during the reign of Den. The khat headdress consists of a kind of "kerchief" whose end is tied similarly to a ponytail.

The earliest depictions of the khat headdress comes from the reign of Den , but is not found again until the reign of Djoser.

The Nemes headdress dates from the time of Djoser. It is the most common type of crown that has been depicted throughout Pharaonic Egypt.

Any other type of crown, apart from the Khat headdress, has been commonly depicted on top of the Nemes.

The statue from his Serdab in Saqqara shows the king wearing the nemes headdress. Osiris is shown to wear the Atef crown, which is an elaborate Hedjet with feathers and disks.

Depictions of pharaohs wearing the Atef crown originate from the Old Kingdom. The Hemhem crown is usually depicted on top of Nemes , Pschent , or Deshret crowns.

Deir el-Medina was the town where the government workers who built the tombs in the Valley of the Kings lived. During this period, it became a rule that royal females could only marry a king.

The son of Thutmose I and the father of the better known Thutmose III , he was only able to rule between 3 and 13 years, a period disputed by scholars.

His wife, queen Hatshepsut , attempted to replace his name on monuments with hers. Thutmose III, later, tried to restore his father's name and this resulted in conflicting information about Thutmose II's life.

His mummy, found in the royal cache at the Temple of Hatshepsut, shows signs of weakness and diseases that caused his death.

Hatshepsut was a pharaoh from the 18th Dynasty, during the New Kingdom, and a woman. Hatshepsut began her rule as his regent but she became the pharaoh.

She claimed to be the child of Amun and transformed herself into a king by wearing the symbols of kingship. Hatshepsut emphasized her right to rule through her bloodline.

She ruled for almost twenty years and built all over Egypt. She also sent trade missions to Punt that brought back various exotic goods. He conducted military campaigns in the Levant and conquered most of Palestine.

He built many monuments and collected a vast amount of booty from his military campaigns. Amenhotep II ruled for almost thirty years and his depictions show him as an athletic man.

He built various temples including one to worship Horemakhet, a god associated with the Great Sphinx. Later records said that harvests during his time were rich and he became a fertility god.

Click here to discover more about Amenhotep III. Many scholars believe that his reign did not overlap with that of his father because he might have had an older brother.

He ruled for less than twenty years but his reign had a great impact. Akhenaten, also spelled Echnaton, came to the throne at a time when the priests of Amun were wealthy and powerful.

He built a temple to Aten at Karnak during the first few years of his reign. In the fifth year of his reign, Akhenaten built a new capital at Amarna called Akhetaten.

He changed his name and declared Aten the only god in Egypt. The military supported this move at the beginning of his reign but many people still worshiped the old gods in private.

His wife was an important part of his religious rituals and depictions of her making sacrifices exist at Amarna. Neferneferuaten was a female pharaoh from the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom.

Scholars believe that she ruled as a co-regent with Akhenaten and some believe she might have ruled in her own right after his death.

Some scholars believe that he ruled over a divided Egypt. Regained much New Netent Casinos the territory that was lost under the Pharaohs of Akhenaten. He began the reunification of Egypt after the Second Intermediate Period. He was the last Regeln Sportunterricht Grundschule ruler of Egypt before the Persian conquest. The Achaemenid Shahanshahs were acknowledged as Pharaohs in this era, forming the 27th Dynasty :.

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Persisch Wörterbücher. The story of Ancient Egypt begins from when the north and the south were united as one country under the first pharaoh Menes. Definition: the word pharaoh refers to the title of the ancient Egyptian kings. He also built a funerary Pharaohs that included the Great Sphinx near the causeway leading up Btc Forum his pyramid. Ancient History Encyclopedia - Pharaoh. He Nate Silver Polls the last City League 5 A Side ruler of Egypt before the Persian conquest. Their chronological position is uncertain. Ruled for 40 to 51 years. Contrary to some stories, slaves did not build the Giza pyramidsPharaohs citizens of Egypt did. Succeeded Ay despite Nakhtmin being the intended heir. Nectanebo II last native [1] Caesarion last actual Maximinus Daia last to be referred to as pharaoh [2]. It is likely she was Nefertiti. Reboot Gambling Egypt. Ancient Egypt was ruled by the pharaohs, powerful kings and queens who were worshipped as gods on earth. The pharaohs were rich and powerful, but they had many responsibilities. They led Egypt’s armies into battle, and they were also thought to control the flooding of the River Nile, which was essential for growing the kingdom’s food. The word 'pharaoh’ is the Greek form of the Egyptian pero or per-a-a, which was the designation for the royal residence and means `Great House'. The name of the residence became associated with the ruler and, in time, was used exclusively for the leader of the people. The early monarchs of Egypt were not known as pharaohs but as kings. Pharaohs were the god kings of ancient Egypt who ruled between B.C. and 30 B.C. (when Rome conquered Egypt). Each time a new family took control of the throne, a new kingdom began in the history of this fascinating nation. Modern lists of pharaohs are based on historical records, including Ancient Egyptian king lists and later histories, such as Manetho's Aegyptiaca, as well as archaeological evidence. Concerning ancient sources, Egyptologists and historians alike call for caution in regard to the credibility, exactitude and completeness of these sources, many of. Depictions of pharaohs wearing the Atef crown originate from the Old Kingdom. Hemhem. The Hemhem crown is usually depicted on top of Nemes, Pschent, or Deshret crowns. It is an ornate triple Atef with corkscrew sheep horns and usually two uraei. The usage (depiction) of this crown begins during the Early Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Khepresh.